Plantation Economy

The plantation economy

Land in the Caribbean islands was cheap, but the costs of setting up a sugar plantation were high. Sir Dalby Thomas in 1690 estimated that a 100 acre plantation on the island of Barbados, with 50 enslaved Africans, seven white indentured servants, sugar mill, boiling works, equipment and livestock would cost £5,625 (over £250,000 at today’s values).

To recover these costs, the plantations had to produce enough good quality sugar to pay off debts and mortgages and cover the running costs each year. The owners also wanted a profit. Some families, such as the Pinneys of Nevis in the Caribbean and Bristol, were able to build up a fortune based on land, sugar producing and trading.

Slaves from Africa were the basis of these sugar fortunes. John Pinney, a plantation owner on the island of Nevis, wrote in the 1760s to his managers ‘� a word respecting the care of my slaves and stock [animals] – your own good sense must tell you they are the sinews of a Plantation and must claim your particular care and attention�. He also wrote that �� it is impossible for a Man to make sugar without the assistance of Negroes as to make bricks without straw’.

Treatment of Slaves

Enslaved Africans required a period of ‘seasoning’ to get them used to the work and the country. One in three of the newly imported slaves died within three years, and planters needed a continuous supply of new slaves.

Before the 1760s, plantation life was particularly brutal. For although treatment did vary, it generally worked out cheaper for owners to work slaves to death and import new ones, rather than to look after those already on the plantations. John Newton was once a slave ship captain and later campaigned against the slave trade. He was told in 1751 by a plantation owner on the Caribbean island of Antigua, that the costs had been calculated and it was cheaper to work slaves to death and replace them than to treat them well. On some estates in Antigua, it was rare for a slave to live longer than nine years.

It was not just work that was hard for the enslaved Africans. The white population on the islands was outnumbered by the black population, and they were frightened of rebellion . Therefore, punishment for any breaking of the rules was harsh. Rebellion was usually punished by death, often by a slow and painful method, to deter any others who thought of rising up against their owners.

The Session Book of the Parish of St Thomas in the East, Jamaica, for 1783, records the punishment handed out to a slave who tried to run away. It reads: “Priscilla: for running away, both her ears cut off … immediately, to receive 39 lashes the first Monday in each month for one year and to be worked in irons during this time”.

 It was a hard punishment for trying to be free. Flogging was commonplace, and slaves could be made to torture members of their own family if the owner or overseer so wished. Harsh laws were aimed at punishing any act of rebellion and discouraging others. In 1707, a law was passed on the island of Barbados, which said a runaway slave absent for more than 30 days should have one of his or her feet cut off when recaptured.

As a result of anti-slavery feeling in the late eighteenth century, and the rising price of African slaves, the more ‘progressive’ plantation owners saw the wisdom of treating their slaves better.

Link to Haddon Hall

The Connection to Haddon Hall

Peter is asked to explain the connection to Haddon Hall   Have a seat. This is complicated and my tree is a mess of contradictions here which I need to clear up. However, here is how I think it goes….
You and I share great grandparents — William Hayward and Elizabeth (nee) Alexander. Elizabeth’s father was Samuel Alexander (1818-1907). Samuel married Isabella Fisher (1821-1901). The Fishers and the Alexanders seemed to hit it off for Samuel Alexander’s father also married a Fisher. But that’s another story.
We’re interested in the Fisher line here because they lead us to Haddon Hall. Isabella Fisher’s father was Benjamin Fisher (1781-1863). He married Mary Unthank (1783-1855). Now here is an interesting kink: Mary Unthank’s mother was Deborah Richardson (1756-1848). Deborah is our fourth great grandmother and is no doubt related to your father’s Richardsons.

Anyway, we back up to Benjamin Fisher (Deborah’s son), then follow the Fishers back to 1500 when William Fisher (1479-1519) married Mary Vernon (1488-1536). And that’s the connection to Haddon Hall which was owned by the Vernons. William and Mary were our 13th great grand-parents.

As an aside, their son Thomas Fisher (1510-1556) married Elizabeth Brocket (1522-?). The Brockets were a wealthy and influential family in the day and entertained blue bloods including the Queen routinely and the hall was infamous for its racy affairs (Google ‘Brocket Hall. It’s a bed and breakfast for the rich. You’re welcome to spend the night if you don’t mind dropping a grand).
Well, there you have it. A snippet anyway. There are stories galore tucked away in this tree (in every tree!).
Love, Peter
May 14, 2019

Hi again Peter,

Thanks for the note.
Regarding the Richardson connection.  It is reasonably common name and they could well be connected.  My problem is how does one get from Deborah’s Grandfather, William Richardson, who married Sarah Weston in Limerick in 1719 to the large clan of Richardson’s in the Newcastle area?
Regarding Benjamin Clarke Fisher, I have traced him back to Reuben Fisher,  of Southwark and his wife Joan Howe in the mid 1600s and no further.  The Kinsalebeg history(Google) mentions that the London area Fisher’s extended family included Sir Edward Of Mickleton & London, Sir Thomas of Islington and Sir Clement MP(1661-1669) and a 2nd Baronet.  Clement married (1662) royalist heroine Jane Lane who helped Charles II escape to France.
 Now the connection to Haddon Hall?
All grist for the Ancestry mill.
Regards to all and especially Lucy and James.  Hope you are all well
John

Hey John,

Re. “how does one get from Deborah’s Grandfather, William Richardson, who married Sarah Weston in Limerick in 1719 to the large clan of Richardson’s in the Newcastle area?” Well I expect they took a boat. Horse-drawn coach across the breadth of England would not be for the faint of heart. Just kidding. I have no idea, I just put it out there as a possibility. As for the Fishers, I go as follows:
Reuben F — Joan Howe
Thomas F (1617) — Mary Price (1621)
Sir Edward Fisher (1587-1654) — Lady Mary Maria Challoner (1590-1642)
Edward Fisher (1562-1628) — Avice Thornhill (1560-1604)
Thomas Richard Fisher (1533-1584) — Anne Brand 1537-)
Thomas Fisher (1510-1556) — Elizabeth Brocket (1522-)
William Fisher (1479-1519) — Mary Vernon (1488-1536) Married 1500
Randall Fisher (1455-) — Elizabeth (here the Fisher trail stops)
Mary Vernon was a co-heiress of Haddon Hall along with her sisters Anne and Dorothy. Dorothy Vernon was the subject of romantic legend (google Dorothy Vernon Haddon Hall). She eloped with a handsome John Manners after her father refused to allow the marriage. Why is unclear. John’s prospects were reasonable. His family had their own castle up the road. His descendent, the current Earl of Rutland, still owns Haddon Hall and his brother lives there. While at Haddon, my concerted attempts to “knock him up” came to naught. Thought we might have a little cousin to cousin chit-chat, but no. Probably busy in the village collecting rents from destitute widows. Or perhaps he was down at the Purple Pear quaffing a pint while the Ferrari got an oil change. In any case, the poor chap missed the chance to make the Canadian Connection. He’ll never know how close he came. Probably best.
Sir Edward Fisher of Mickleton is our man (9th great grandfather). Can’t find the others. Sir Edward and Avice Thornhill had a daughter Francesse. Francesse married Rev Thomas Rose (1619-1692). The Roses, Fishers and Thornhills all lived in Mickleton, a tiny village on the north edge of the Cotswolds and importantly, within striking distance of London. Thomas and Francesse had 11 children, nine of them boys. Oh my. Four of the boys as adults went into business together, capitalizing on their respective skills. Fulke Rose was a medical doctor, John was a merchant sea captain, William was an apothecary and astute money manager, and one or two of the other brothers pitched in where needed.  What played out was a lucrative arrangement. In the 1670s Fulke ran a very profitable medical practice in Jamaica catering to wealthy plantation owners. He also bought a plantation and called on two of his brothers to help manage it. Captain John Rose transported criminals and political prisoners to Jamaica to work off their ten year sentences on the plantations, notably his brother’s. And of course, John got paid for his efforts by the British government. Fulke and Co. got free labour and on the return trip to England, John filled the holds of his two ships with Rose sugar. William managed the proceeds. All in all, it was a shrewd variation of the triangular slave trade.
William has his own claim to fame. Apothecaries in those days routinely treated the ill and injured who lacked the funds to visit a surgeon. He was unable, however, to cure one of his patients of what was likely a sexually transmitted disease. He billed the man steeply for his efforts and the man complained to the College of Surgeons. They took William to court on the grounds that apothecaries were not licensed to practice as medical doctors. He lost but won on appeal, arguing that the poor had no option but to seek the help of apothecaries, as they could not afford a doctor’s fee. Apothecaries, therefore, were carrying out a service essential to the well-being of the community. Apothecaries, as a result of that court case, became the general practitioners of today. The William Rose Prize is given annually to a student who contributes significantly to the history of medicine. William is our 1st cousin 9x removed.
Very interesting to hear about Sir Clement, Jane Lane and the connection to Charles II. I’ll explore that. Thanks for the info John. What fun this is. Hope I didn’t beat you to death with all this. Big hugs, Peter

England – Tales of a Time Traveler

In 2018, my wife Randi and I made a trip to England. We stayed for three weeks and covered the country from top to bottom, renting a car to get about. As I relate our travel experience, I also step back in time to visit our ancestors. It was grand.

England: Tales of a Time Traveller

Introduction

Part 1 The Northeast

Part 2 The Northwest

Part 3 The Midlands

Part 4 The South

Part 5 London

Part 6 London

Fisher: earliest known

Apr 28, 2019

From John Spriggs

Regarding the Fishers; the earliest in my tree is Reuben who was a surgeon of Southwark in London and married a Joan Howe. They had at least two children named Martha and Reuben. Martha went to Youghal Ireland and Reuben followed on a visit and was very taken by a Quaker lass named Margaret Shute. Her father was not impressed by this non Quaker and so Reuben returned to London, joined a Quaker meeting there, and returned to Youghal, his foppish manners and dress discarded, and convinced Margaret’s father that he might make a suitable match. They had a large family, two branches of which joined later when Samuel Alexander married Isabella Fisher (Alexander’s father Edward married a Jenepher Fisher). I have nothing earlier that the surgeon of Southwark.

When Phyllis and I visited Cork a few years ago we went to the Cork Meeting house and purchased a history that one of their members had put together called Merchants, Mystics and Philanthropists (350 Years of Cork Quakers) which is quite interesting and has a lot of info about the Quakers of Cork and by extension some of our relatives. (Youghal, Cork and Limerick are relatively close and there was a lot of Quaker traffic between them over the centuries). Another source of information can be found in the “Fishers of Pilltown” which you can Google. You should also be able to look at my tree on Ancestry to see where my research has led me. I hope to see yours sometime to see where we diverge.

Well I’ll close this for now. Great to connect our families once more.

Warm regards
John